Monday, November 24, 2014

The Chaine Of Medieval time

1495
Leonardo da Vinci designed what may be the first humanoid robot though it 
cannot be confirmed if the design was actually ever produced. The robot was 
designed to sit up, wave its arms, and move its head via a flexible neck while 
opening and closing its jaw.

1645
Blaise Pascal invented a calculating machine to help his father with taxes. The 
device was called the Pascaline 
and about 50 Pascalines were built. Only a 
few can be found in museums such as the one on display in the Des Arts et 
Metiers Museum in Paris.

1666
A pocket version of the Pascaline was invented by Samuel Morland [9] which 
worked “without charging the memory, disturbing the mind, or exposing the 
operations to any uncertainty” 
18th Century 
In the 18th century, miniature automatons became popular as toysfor the 
very rich. They were made to look and move like humans or small animals.

1709
Jacques de Vaucanson’s most famous creation was undoubtedly"The Duck." 
This mechanical device could flap its wings, eat, and digest grain. Each wing 
contained over four hundred moving parts and even today it remains 
something of a mystery. The original Duck has disappeared. 

1801
Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented a machine (essentially a loom) that could be 
programmed to create designs that could be printed onto cloth or tissue. 

1865
John Brainerd created the Steam Man apparently used to pull wheeled carts 
and more.
In 1885, Frank Reade Jr. built the “Electric Man” which is more-or-less an electric version of the Steam Man. 

1903
The first patents were awarded for the construction of a “printed wire” which 
came into use after World War 2. The concept was to replace radio tube with 
something less bulky. 

1921
The term "robot" was first used in a play called "R.U.R." or "Rossum's
Universal Robots" by the Czech writer Karel Capek. The plot was simple: man 
creates a robot to replace him and then robot kills man! 

1937-1938
Westinghouse creates ELEKTRO a human-like robot that could walk, talk, 
and smoke . ELEKTRO was first unveiled at the 1939 world’s fair. 

1941 
Science fiction writer Isaac Asimov first used the word "robotics" to describe 
the technology of robots and predicted the rise of a powerful robotindustry.
The term robotics refers to the study and use of robots; it came about in 1941 
and was first adopted by Isaac Asimov, a scientist and writer. It was Asimov 
who also proposed the following “Laws of Robotics” in his short story 
Runaround in 1942. 

1942 
Isaac Asimov wrote the "Three Laws of Robotics”. A zeroth law waslater 
added (law zero below). 
Law One: A robot may not injure a human (or humanity), or, through 
inaction, allow a human (or humanity) to come to harm. 
Law Two: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, exceptwhere 
such orders would conflict with a higher order law. 
Law Three: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection 
does not conflict with a higher order law] 
Law Zero: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow 
a human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law 

1942 
The first “programmable” mechanism, a paint-sprayer, was designed by 
Willard Pollard and Harold Roselund for the DeVilbiss Company. (USPatent 
No. 2,286,571). 

1946 
George Devol patented a general purpose playback device for controlling 
machines using magnetic recordings. 

1947 
On November 14, 1947, Walter Brattain had an accident while trying to 
study how electrons acted on the surface of a semiconductor. This accident 
brought about the creation of the first transistor. 

1948 
W. Grey Walter created his first robots; Elmer and Elsie, also known as the 
turtle robots. The robots were capable of finding their charging station when 
their battery power ran low. 

1951 
Raymond Goertz designed the first tele-operated articulated armfor the 
Atomic Energy Commission. This is generally regarded as a major milestone 
in force feedback (haptic) technology. (US Patent 2679940) 


1954 
George Devol designed the first truly programmable robot and called it 
UNIMATE for "Universal Automation." (US patent 2 998 237) 
Later, in 1956, George Devol and Joseph Engelberger formed the world's firstrobot 
company “Unimation” which stands for “universal automation”. 
As a result, Engelberger has been called the 'father of robotics’. 
Unimation is still in production today, with robots for sale. 

1957 
History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully 
launched Sputnik I. The world's first autonomous, artificial satellite was 22.8 
inches in diameter and weighed only 183.9 pounds. 
1960’s One of the first operational, industrial robots in North America appeared in 
the early 1960’s in a candy factory in Kitchener, Ontario. 

1964 
Artificial intelligence research laboratories are opened at M.I.T., Stanford 
Research Institute (SRI), Stanford University, and the Universityof 
Edinburgh. 

1965 
Carnegie Mellon establishes the Robotics Institute. 

1968 
The first computer controlled walking machine was created by Mcgee and 
Frank at the University of South Carolina. 

1968 
The first manually controlled walking truck was made by R. Mosher. It could 
walk up to four miles an hour 

1968 
SRI built “Shakey”; a mobile robot equipped with a vision system and 
controlled by a computer the size of a room. 

1969 
Victor Scheinman created the Stanford Arm, which was the first successful 
electrically-powered, computer-controlled robot arm. 

1969 
WAP-1 became the first biped robot and was designed by Ichiro Kato. Air bags 
connected to the frame were used to stimulate artificial muscles 
WAP-3 was designed later and could walk on flat surfaces as well as climbup and down 
stairs or slopes. It could also turn while walking. 

1973 
V.S. Gurfinkel, A. Shneider, E.V. Gurfinkel and colleagues at the department 
of motion control at the Russian Academy of Science create thefirst six-legged 
walking vehicle. 

1973 
Ichiro Kato created WABOT I which was the first full-scale anthropomorphic 
robot in the world. It had a system for controlling limbs, vision,and 
conversation! It was estimated that it had the mental ability of a 18 month old 
child. 

1973 
Cincinnati Milacron released the T3, the first commerciallyavailable 
minicomputer-controlled industrial robot (designed by Richard Hohn). 

1974 
Intel (Integrated Electronics) produced the first batch of second-generation 
8080 general purpose chips. 

1975 
Victor Schenman developed the Programmable Universal Manipulation Arm 
(Puma). It was widely used in industrial operations. 

1975 
The MITS ALTAIR was the first 8080 chip based kit computer and is 
arguably the start of the personal computer. 

1977 
The Variante Masha, a six-legged walking machine, was created at the 
Russian academy of Science by Dr. Devjanin, Dr. Grufinkelt, Dr. Lensky, Dr. 
Schneider, and colleagues. 

1978 
Shigeo Hirose created ACMVI (Oblix) robot. It had snake-like abilities. The 
Oblix eventually became the MOGURA robot arm used in industry.

1979 
The Stanford Cart crossed a chair-filled room without human assistance. The 
cart had a TV camera mounted on a rail which took pictures from multiple 
angles and relayed them to a computer. The computer analyzed the distance 
between the cart and the obstacles. 

1979 
Hiroshi Makino of Yamanashi University designed the Selective Compliant 
Articulated Robot Arm (SCARA) for assembly jobs in factories. 

1980 
Quasi-dynamic walking was first realized by WL-9DR. It used a micro-computer as the controller. It could take one step every 10 seconds. Itwas 
developed by Ichiro Kato at the Department of Mechanical Engineering School 
of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo. 

1981 
Shigeo Hirose developed Titan II. It is a quadruped which could climb stairs. 
Picture is of Titan III, which is a successor to Titan II. 

1985 
Created by the General Robotics Corp. the RB5X was a programmable robot 
equipped with infrared sensors, remote audio/video transmission,bump 
sensors, and a voice synthesizer. It had software that could enable itto learn 
about its environment. 

1985 
Waseda Hitachi Leg-11 (WHL-11) was a biped robot developed by Hitachi 
Ltd. It was capable of static walking on a flat surface. It was able to turn and 
could take a step every 13 seconds. 

1985 
A four legged walking machine, Collie1, was developed by H. Miura at the 
University of Tokyo. The machine had 3 degrees of freedom per leg. 

1985 
The Melwalk3 was developed at Namiki Tsukuba Science City and wasa six-legged walking machine. 

1988 
The first HelpMate service robot went to work at Danbury Hospital in 
Connecticut. 

1989 
Aquarobot, a walking robot for undersea use, was created at theRobotics 
Laboratory at the Ministry of Transport in Japan. 

1989 
Developed by Kato Corporation, the WL12RIII was the first biped walking 
robot which was able to walk on a terrain stabilized by trunk motion. It could 
walk up and down stairs and could take a single step every 0.64 seconds. 

1990 
iRobot Corporation was founded by Rodney Brooks, Colin Angleand Helen 
Greiner and produced domestic and military robots. 

1993 
Dante explored Mt. Erebrus in Antarctica. The 8-legged walking robot was 
developed at Carnegie-Mellon University. However, the mission failed when 
its tether broke. 
Dante II subsequently explored Mt. Spurr in Alaska in 
2004. This was a more robust version of Dante I. 

1996 
RoboTuna was created by David Barrett at MIT. The robot was used to study 
how fish swim. 

1996 
Honda created the P2, which was the first major step in creating their 
ASIMO. The P2 was the first self-regulating, bipedal humanoid robot. 

1997 
NASA's PathFinder landed on Mars. The wheeled robotic rover sent images 
and data about Mars back to Earth. 

1997 
IBM's deep blue supercomputer beat the champion Gary Kasparov ata chess 
match. This represented the first time a machine beat a grand champion chess 
player. 

1997 
Honda created the P3, the second major step in creating their ASIMO. The P3 
was Honda’s first completely autonomous humanoid robot. 

1998 
Dr. Cynthia created Kismet, a robotic creature that interacted emotionally 
with people. 

1998 
LEGO released their MINDSTORMS robotic development product line, 
which is a system for inventing robots using a modular design and LEGO 
plastic bricks. 

1998 
Campbell Aird was fitted with the first bionic arm called the Edinburg 
Modular Arm System (EMAS). 

1999 
Sony released the first Aibo robotic dog. 

1999 
Mitsubishi created a robot fish. The intention was to create a robotic version of 
an extinct species of fish. 

1999 
Personal Robots released the Cye robot. It performed a variety of household 
chores, such as delivering mail, carrying dishes, and vacuuming. It was 
created by Probotics Inc. 

2000 
Sony unveiled the Sony Dream Robots (SDR) at Robodex. SDR was ableto 
recognize 10 different faces, expresses emotion through speech and body 
language, and can walk on flat as well as irregular surfaces. Image of QRIO 

2001 
iRobot Packbots searched through the rubble of the world Trade Center. 
Subsequent versions of the Packbot robots are used in Afghanistan and Iraq. 

2001 
MD Robotics of Canada built the Space Station Remote Manipulator System 
(SSRMS). It was successfully launched and worked to assemble the 
International Space Station. 

2002 
Honda created the Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility (ASIMO). It is 
intended to be a personal assistant. It recognizes its owner'sface, voice, and 
name. Can read email and is capable of streaming video from its camera to a 
PC. 

2002 
iRobot released the first generation of Roomba robotic vacuum cleaners. 

2003 
As part of their mission to explore Mars, NASA launched twin robotic rovers 
on June 10 and July 7, 2003 called Spirit and Sojourner. 

2003 
RobotShop Distribution Inc. was founded to provide today’s society with 
domestic and professional robot technology that can help increase the pleasure, 
knowledge liberty and security of individuals. 

2005 
The Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), created HUBO, and 
claims it is the smartest mobile robot in the world. This robot is linked to a 
computer via a high-speed wireless connection; the computer does all of the 
thinking for the robot. 

2005 
Cornell University created self-replicating robots.

Medieval times

Automatons, human-like figures run by hidden mechanisms, were used to 
impress peasant worshippers in church into believing in a higher power. 
[These mechanisms] created the illusion of self-motion (moving without 
assistance). The clock jack was a mechanical figure that could strike time on a 
bell with its axe. This technology was virtually unheard of in the 13th 
century.

10-70AD

The Hero of Alexandria, a Mathematician, Physicist and Engineer (10-70AD) 
wrote a book titled Automata (Arabic translation, or in Greek “moving itself”) 
which is a collection of different devices which could have been used in 
temples. The Hero of Alexandria designed an odometer to be mounted ona 
cart and measure distances traveled. Among his other inventions area wind-powered organ, animated statues and the Aeolipile. Although conceived 
simply as a trinket, the Aeolipile can be considered the forefather of modern 
steam engines. 

278 – 212BC

Archimedes (287-212BC) did not invent robots, but he did invent many 
mechanical systems that are used in robotics today, as well as advancing the 
field of mathematics

~270BC

An ancient Greek engineer named Ctesibus made organs and waterclocks
with movable figures.
[2]
The concept for his clock was fairly simple; a reservoir
with a precise hole in the bottom would take 24 hours to empty its contents.
The container was marked into 24 divisions. 

~77-100 BC

In 1901, between the islands of Crete and Kythera, a diver found the remnants 
of what might only be considered a mechanical computer. The device is a 
complex mix of gears which most likely calculated the position of the sun, 
moon or other celestial bodies.
[7] 
The device dates back 2000 years and is 
considered to be of Greek origin and was given the name “The Antikythera 
Device”. 

In Greek Times

Some historians affirm that Talos, a giant creature written about in ancient 
greek literature, was a creature (either a man or a bull) made of bronze, given 
by Zeus to Europa. 
[6]
According to one version of the myths he was created in 
Sardinia by Hephaestus on Zeus' command, who gave him to the Cretanking 
Minos. In another version Talos came to Crete with Zeus to watch overhis 
love Europa, and Minos received him as a gift from her. There are 
suppositions that his name Talos in the old Cretan language meant the "Sun" 
and that Zeus was known in Crete by the similar name of Zeus Tallaios. Since 
Talos was a bronze man, his blood was lead, which they believed wasa divine 
fluid (ichor), identical to that what runs in the veins of the gods. Talos' single 
vein was leading from his neck through his body to one of his heels, which was 
closed by a bronze nail or a bronze peg or a pin